Zabbix 企业级监控实战

一、环境搭建

1.1 安装 Zabbix Server

# 配置 Zabbix 源
rpm -ivh https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/6.4/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-release-6.4-1.el7.noarch.rpm
yum clean all

# 安装服务端
yum install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-web-mysql zabbix-agent -y

# 创建数据库
mysql -u root -p
CREATE DATABASE zabbix CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_bin;
CREATE USER 'zabbix'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON zabbix.* TO 'zabbix'@'localhost';

# 导入初始数据
zcat /usr/share/zabbix-sql-scripts/mysql/server.sql.gz | mysql -u zabbix -p zabbix

1.2 配置 Zabbix

# 修改数据库密码
sed -i 's/# DBPassword=/DBPassword=password/' /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf

# 修改时区
sed -i 's/# php_value\[date.timezone\]/php_value\[date.timezone\] = Asia\/Shanghai/' /etc/php-fpm.d/zabbix.conf

# 启动服务
systemctl restart zabbix-server zabbix-agent httpd php-fpm
systemctl enable zabbix-server zabbix-agent httpd php-fpm

二、Agent 配置

2.1 安装 Agent

# 在被监控主机上安装
rpm -ivh https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/6.4/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-release-6.4-1.el7.noarch.rpm
yum install zabbix-agent -y

2.2 配置 Agent

cat > /etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf <<EOF
PidFile=/var/run/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.pid
LogFile=/var/log/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.log
LogFileSize=0
Server=192.168.1.100
ServerActive=192.168.1.100
Hostname=web01
Include=/etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.d/*.conf
EOF

systemctl restart zabbix-agent && systemctl enable zabbix-agent

三、自动发现

3.1 网络发现规则

# 添加自动发现规则（Web 界面操作）
# Configuration → Discovery → Create discovery rule

# 发现规则示例
# Name: Network Discovery
# IP range: 192.168.1.1-254
# Update interval: 1h
# Checks: ICMP ping, SSH, HTTP

3.2 动作配置

# 配置自动注册动作
# Configuration → Actions → Discovery actions

# 条件: Discovery status = Up
# 操作: Add host, Link to template, Enable host

四、触发器配置

4.1 常用触发器

# CPU 使用率 > 80%
{Template OS Linux:system.cpu.util[,idle].last(0)} < 20

# 内存使用率 > 85%
{Template OS Linux:vm.memory.util.last(0)} > 85

# 磁盘空间 < 20%
{Template OS Linux:vfs.fs.size[/,pfree].last(0)} < 20

# 服务停止
{Template OS Linux:service.httpd.status.last(0)} = 0

4.2 自定义触发器

# MySQL 连接数 > 100
{Template App MySQL:mysql.ping.last(0)} = 1 and {Template App MySQL:mysql.threads_connected.last(0)} > 100

# Nginx 5xx 错误率 > 1%
{Template App Nginx:nginx.stats.code.5xx.percent.last(0)} > 1

五、告警通知

5.1 邮件告警

# 配置 SMTP
# Administration → Media types → Email

# SMTP settings
# SMTP server: smtp.example.com
# SMTP port: 587
# SMTP email: zabbix@example.com
# Authentication: Yes
# Username: zabbix
# Password: password

5.2 钉钉告警

# 创建钉钉机器人
# 在钉钉群设置中添加自定义机器人，获取 Webhook URL

# 创建告警脚本
cat > /usr/lib/zabbix/alertscripts/dingtalk.sh <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
WEBHOOK_URL="https://oapi.dingtalk.com/robot/send?access_token=your-token"
MESSAGE=\$1

curl -s -X POST \$WEBHOOK_URL \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d "{\"msgtype\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"content\":\"$MESSAGE\"}}"
EOF

chmod +x /usr/lib/zabbix/alertscripts/dingtalk.sh

# 在 Zabbix 中添加告警媒介
# Administration → Media types → Create media type
# Type: Script
# Script name: dingtalk.sh

六、性能调优

6.1 数据库优化

# MySQL 配置优化
cat >> /etc/my.cnf.d/zabbix.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2G
innodb_log_file_size = 512M
innodb_log_buffer_size = 64M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
query_cache_type = 0
query_cache_size = 0
max_connections = 1000
EOF

systemctl restart mysqld

6.2 Zabbix Server 调优

# 调整进程数
sed -i 's/StartPollers=5/StartPollers=30/' /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf
sed -i 's/StartTrappers=5/StartTrappers=20/' /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf
sed -i 's/StartPingers=1/StartPingers=10/' /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf
sed -i 's/StartDiscoverers=1/StartDiscoverers=5/' /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf

systemctl restart zabbix-server

6.3 前端调优

# PHP 配置优化
sed -i 's/max_execution_time = 30/max_execution_time = 300/' /etc/php.ini
sed -i 's/memory_limit = 128M/memory_limit = 512M/' /etc/php.ini

systemctl restart php-fpm

七、常用模板

模板名称	监控内容
Template OS Linux	基础 Linux 监控
Template OS Windows	基础 Windows 监控
Template App MySQL	MySQL 数据库监控
Template App Nginx	Nginx 监控
Template App Redis	Redis 监控
Template ICMP Ping	网络连通性监控

提示：所有文章内容均为实战经验总结，部分示例来自官方文档和社区最佳实践。

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